The taste presentation and receptor perception mechanism of the salty peptide of Stropharia rugosoannulata were predicted and verified using peptide omics and molecular interaction techniques. The combination of aspartic acid (D) and glutamic acid (E), or peptide fragments composed of arginine (R), constitute the characteristic taste structural basis of salty peptides of S. rugosoannulata. The taste intensity of the salty peptide positively correlates with its concentration within a specific concentration range (0.25–1.0 mg/mL). The receptor more easily recognizes the first amino acid residue at the N-terminal of salty peptides and the aspartic acid residue in the peptides. GLU513, ASP707, and VAL508 are the critical amino acid residues for the receptor to recognize salty peptides. TRPV1 is specifically the receptor for recognizing salty peptides. Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions are the main driving forces for the interactions between salty peptides and TRPV1 receptors. KSWDDFFTR has the most potent binding capacity with the receptor and has tremendous potential for application in sodium salt substitution. This study confirmed the taste receptor that specifically recognizes salty peptides, analyzed the receptor-peptide binding interaction, and provided a new idea for understanding the taste receptor perception of salty peptides.