Amidst the outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been a pivotal shift in nutritional focus towards adopting healthier lifestyles to enhance immune function. The successive resurgence of COVID-19 serves as a stark reminder that prioritizing the enhancement of our own immune systems is of paramount importance. Eggs are nutritious, productive, cost-effective, and affordable for consumption. Likewise, eggs are exclusive among the numerous ways consumers can obtain high-quality animal protein. Egg proteins and their peptide derivatives are abundant and biologically active and have significant therapeutic effects on chronic diseases induced by a variety of factors, including metabolic syndrome, making eggs an important raw material for the study of proteins and peptide-active substances. This paper reviewed methods for the isolation and purification of avian egg proteins and their derived peptides; the effects of the proteins and peptides in enhancing the body’s immunity, lowering blood pressure and expression levels of inflammatory factors; as well as the potential of the proteins and peptides in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. This review was written with the expectation that it would provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential value of poultry egg proteins for maintaining health.