The increased global incidence of chronic metabolic diseases, a vital threat to human health and a burden on our healthcare systems, includes a series of clinical metabolic syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. One of the well-known probiotic microorganisms, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum plays an important role in promoting human health, including inhibiting the occurrence and development of a variety of chronic metabolic diseases. The present study provides an overview of the preventive and therapeutic effects of L. plantarum on diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney stone disease, and cardiovascular diseases in animal models and human clinical trials. Ingesting L. plantarum demonstrated its ability to reduce inflammatory and oxidative stress levels by regulating the production of cytokines and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the balance of intestinal microbial communities to alleviate the symptoms of chronic metabolic diseases. Furthermore, updated applications and technologies of L. plantarum in food and biopharmaceutical industries are also discussed. Understanding the characteristics and functions of L. plantarum will guide the development of related probiotic products and explore the modulatory benefit of L. plantarum supplementations on the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic metabolic diseases.